RESEARCH SURVEY AND EXPERIMENTS
I. RESEARCH SURVEY
A. Understanding Survey Research
Survey research is a kind of research that collects information about the characteristics, actions, opinions of a representative group of respondents considered the population. Survey research is a study that takes a sample from a population and use the questionnaire as the main data collection, typically by testing the hypothesis. Survey research is the best method when collecting original data is available, when describing a population too large to Observe Directly and when measuring attitudes.
B. Purpose of the Survey
The purpose of the survey are:
- Generate the description of some aspects of the populations studied and required information from the subject being studied.
- Gather information about the variables of an object or a group of the population.
- As a means of Exploration, description, explanation.
I. RESEARCH SURVEY
A. Understanding Survey Research
Survey research is a kind of research that collects information about the characteristics, actions, opinions of a representative group of respondents considered the population. Survey research is a study that takes a sample from a population and use the questionnaire as the main data collection, typically by testing the hypothesis. Survey research is the best method when collecting original data is available, when describing a population too large to Observe Directly and when measuring attitudes.
B. Purpose of the Survey
The purpose of the survey are:
- Generate the description of some aspects of the populations studied and required information from the subject being studied.
- Gather information about the variables of an object or a group of the population.
- As a means of Exploration, description, explanation.
C. Types of Survey Research
The types of survey research, among others:
- By letter (mail-questionare) is a way to test the responses of respondents. Advantages of mail-questionare is cost-effective, time saving, respondents could choose the right time for him to fill out the questionnaire, there is no guarantee of confidentiality (anonymity) greater uniformity of words (not read anymore), there is no bias interviewer, as well as many respondents can be achieved (dibandigkan by sending interviewers to many places). While the weakness is not flexible, there is a tendency to low responses (response rate), only verbal behavior were recorded, there is no control over the environment (noise, disturbed), there is no control over the order in question, it could lead to there questions unanswered, not can record answers spontaneously, difficult to distinguish between no answer (non- response) with the wrong address, there is no control over the timing of return, can not use complex formatting, and can get a biased sample.
- Methods to-face interviews (face-to-face interview) is a way to test responder with face to face, or face to face. The advantages of research face-to-face interview is the flexibility, response rate (response rate) was good, allowing the recording of the behavior of non verbal, control over the environment when answering, the ability to follow the order of questions and recording answers seecara spontaneous, respondents can not cheat and should answered itself, ensuring the completeness of answers and questions answered, their control over the time to answer questions, and can be used for questionnaires complex whereas, kelemhannnya is the high cost, the time needed to ask and for a visit to the location, the bias of the interviewer, no chance for respondents to check the facts, disturbing the respondents, less guarantee of confidentiality, lack of uniformity questions, as well as less reliable to reach many responde.
- Telephone interviews (telephone interviews) is a way to test the response respondenvia phone. The advantages of telephone interviews is the response rate (response rate) is higher than mail or self-administered. allowing it to reach a wide geographical / far shorter time, can control the stages of filling out the questionnaire, probing can perform advanced queries, and allows for more complex questions format. Meanwhile, the drawback is the high cost, lengthy interviews are limited, limited to respondents who have a phone, reduce anonymity, allowing bias the interviewer, it is difficult to open questions, need a visual aid, and can only record certain things from the background sound or tone of voice.
The types of survey research, among others:
- By letter (mail-questionare) is a way to test the responses of respondents. Advantages of mail-questionare is cost-effective, time saving, respondents could choose the right time for him to fill out the questionnaire, there is no guarantee of confidentiality (anonymity) greater uniformity of words (not read anymore), there is no bias interviewer, as well as many respondents can be achieved (dibandigkan by sending interviewers to many places). While the weakness is not flexible, there is a tendency to low responses (response rate), only verbal behavior were recorded, there is no control over the environment (noise, disturbed), there is no control over the order in question, it could lead to there questions unanswered, not can record answers spontaneously, difficult to distinguish between no answer (non- response) with the wrong address, there is no control over the timing of return, can not use complex formatting, and can get a biased sample.
- Methods to-face interviews (face-to-face interview) is a way to test responder with face to face, or face to face. The advantages of research face-to-face interview is the flexibility, response rate (response rate) was good, allowing the recording of the behavior of non verbal, control over the environment when answering, the ability to follow the order of questions and recording answers seecara spontaneous, respondents can not cheat and should answered itself, ensuring the completeness of answers and questions answered, their control over the time to answer questions, and can be used for questionnaires complex whereas, kelemhannnya is the high cost, the time needed to ask and for a visit to the location, the bias of the interviewer, no chance for respondents to check the facts, disturbing the respondents, less guarantee of confidentiality, lack of uniformity questions, as well as less reliable to reach many responde.
- Telephone interviews (telephone interviews) is a way to test the response respondenvia phone. The advantages of telephone interviews is the response rate (response rate) is higher than mail or self-administered. allowing it to reach a wide geographical / far shorter time, can control the stages of filling out the questionnaire, probing can perform advanced queries, and allows for more complex questions format. Meanwhile, the drawback is the high cost, lengthy interviews are limited, limited to respondents who have a phone, reduce anonymity, allowing bias the interviewer, it is difficult to open questions, need a visual aid, and can only record certain things from the background sound or tone of voice.
D. Measures Survey Research
1. The first step
The initial steps start the survey departs from the theoretical and practical concern. In this step put things underlying the survey. Reasons theoretical or scientific interests are often motivated to do a survey.
2. Choose variables and hypotheses development
As a result of the combination of teorits and practical reasons, then the variables dteliti, should be selected. This includes the dependent variable (variable criteria), and independent variables control. Selection of variables with theoretical and practical reasons, combined with the products of this research (research eksploraris / library / secondary data analysis). The hypothesis of the study was also conducted in the same manner, and was followed by the definition of conceptual and operational definitions of variables. Thus, hypothesis formulation will describe relationships between variables: the direction, in contrast, did not know terpolakan.
3. Developing Indicators
Once selected and defined variables, it is necessary the development of indicators to accurately describe the concepts / variables studied. In the survey indicators will be the subject of the answers to the questions posed by the researcher.
4. Pilot Study
Pilot study is intended to determine whether a question is obvious to the subject, whether sudak trained interviewers, whether the questions and answers have the same meaning for the subject as it was intended investigators and whether there is a variation in the dependent variable response. Any questions are part of the overall question referred to the questionnaire.
5. Determination of Population Research
The following step is the determination of the study population. The study population is a whole subject in the target audience of the survey. The determination of this group called the study population. Determination of the group is often associated with theories applied or practical interest.
6. Sampling
Once we have determined the study population, which would dipelajjari, followed also to determine the size of the sample is called the sample selection. Usually, the sample size is smaller than the size of the study population. Samples are a number of subjects selected from the population to take part in the survey. Selected subject is expected to be representative of the overall characteristics of the population.
7. Licensing
To help facilitate the relationship with the study sample, need to obtain permission from the person / institution. It is often at issue in realizing the goals of the survey. The support of third parties who have legal needs, whether in the form of a letter of introduction, inter-institutional cooperation, or the like. Support such as this will prove to be useful in the early stages of the survey to the implementation of data collection.
8. Financing Survey
The survey is a study design that is costly. Moreover, the survey aimed at the large sample size, the geographical location where they live very far away. Pewawanca costs used for salaries, salary research team, transport, mailing, printing, data processing, use of equipment, telephone and other materials.
9. Data collection
The process of asking questions and recording answers survey called the data collection. The collection of data is a major task in survey research. Data collection activities need to be specified clearly when it started, how long and when it ends. All items of data collection activities should really be detailed and taken into account appropriately.
10. Data Encoding
The process of changing the answers to the code, called a data encoding (coding). Including the reduction of the data (data reduction). The encoding process including ways to translate the answers into numbers or symbols, interpret jaaban replies on open questions in the category variables, how the distribution of data into groups of data or statistics, and the like.
11. Data Analysis
Analysis of the data in the survey include statistical calculations, exposure to graphic data, tabulation, summary statistics, hypothesis testing and other procedures to draw conclusions about what is being studied. At this stage examination is concluded to determine the level of data correctness, generalissasi until the findings of the population as a data source.
12. Dissemination of Results
Research seem less useful if only for our own research. The study's findings should be disseminated to the parties concerned, which might be useful for them. The findings were reported in the article, journals, discussion forums, working papers and others.
1. The first step
The initial steps start the survey departs from the theoretical and practical concern. In this step put things underlying the survey. Reasons theoretical or scientific interests are often motivated to do a survey.
2. Choose variables and hypotheses development
As a result of the combination of teorits and practical reasons, then the variables dteliti, should be selected. This includes the dependent variable (variable criteria), and independent variables control. Selection of variables with theoretical and practical reasons, combined with the products of this research (research eksploraris / library / secondary data analysis). The hypothesis of the study was also conducted in the same manner, and was followed by the definition of conceptual and operational definitions of variables. Thus, hypothesis formulation will describe relationships between variables: the direction, in contrast, did not know terpolakan.
3. Developing Indicators
Once selected and defined variables, it is necessary the development of indicators to accurately describe the concepts / variables studied. In the survey indicators will be the subject of the answers to the questions posed by the researcher.
4. Pilot Study
Pilot study is intended to determine whether a question is obvious to the subject, whether sudak trained interviewers, whether the questions and answers have the same meaning for the subject as it was intended investigators and whether there is a variation in the dependent variable response. Any questions are part of the overall question referred to the questionnaire.
5. Determination of Population Research
The following step is the determination of the study population. The study population is a whole subject in the target audience of the survey. The determination of this group called the study population. Determination of the group is often associated with theories applied or practical interest.
6. Sampling
Once we have determined the study population, which would dipelajjari, followed also to determine the size of the sample is called the sample selection. Usually, the sample size is smaller than the size of the study population. Samples are a number of subjects selected from the population to take part in the survey. Selected subject is expected to be representative of the overall characteristics of the population.
7. Licensing
To help facilitate the relationship with the study sample, need to obtain permission from the person / institution. It is often at issue in realizing the goals of the survey. The support of third parties who have legal needs, whether in the form of a letter of introduction, inter-institutional cooperation, or the like. Support such as this will prove to be useful in the early stages of the survey to the implementation of data collection.
8. Financing Survey
The survey is a study design that is costly. Moreover, the survey aimed at the large sample size, the geographical location where they live very far away. Pewawanca costs used for salaries, salary research team, transport, mailing, printing, data processing, use of equipment, telephone and other materials.
9. Data collection
The process of asking questions and recording answers survey called the data collection. The collection of data is a major task in survey research. Data collection activities need to be specified clearly when it started, how long and when it ends. All items of data collection activities should really be detailed and taken into account appropriately.
10. Data Encoding
The process of changing the answers to the code, called a data encoding (coding). Including the reduction of the data (data reduction). The encoding process including ways to translate the answers into numbers or symbols, interpret jaaban replies on open questions in the category variables, how the distribution of data into groups of data or statistics, and the like.
11. Data Analysis
Analysis of the data in the survey include statistical calculations, exposure to graphic data, tabulation, summary statistics, hypothesis testing and other procedures to draw conclusions about what is being studied. At this stage examination is concluded to determine the level of data correctness, generalissasi until the findings of the population as a data source.
12. Dissemination of Results
Research seem less useful if only for our own research. The study's findings should be disseminated to the parties concerned, which might be useful for them. The findings were reported in the article, journals, discussion forums, working papers and others.
E. Things to Avoid in Research
Survey
In making inquiries to the survey research, the researchers need to pay attention to the following matters:
- Avoid using jargon (example: socialization, democracy), slang words (example: clueless, cupu, geje), and the use of abbreviations.
- Avoid ambiguity or questions that are confusing and vague question.
- Avoid language that is emotional and prestige bias (degree) and use neutral language.
- Avoid questions that in one sentence there are two questions at once (double barraled).
- Avoid leading questions respondents (leading question).
- Avoid questions are beyond the ability of respondents to answer.
- Avoid questions that begin with the wrong premise.
- Avoid questions about the future.
- Avoid questions that uses two negative statements (double negative).
- Avoid questions with response categories that overlap.
II. RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS
A. Definition of Research Experiment
Experimental research is an implementation study involving intervention from the researchers. Intervention (intervention) in question is manipulating variable at the initial stage empirically, and observe how a treatment affects the subject being studied, such as a person, group, other physical objects. Researchers manipulate the independent variable (independent variable) or variable ekplanatoris and then observing whether the dependent variable (dependent variable) hypothesized that are affected by the intervention of the researcher.
Experimental research is research that is intended to determine whether there is a result of "something" that is imposed on the subject inquired. In other words experimental study tried to examine whether there is a causal relationship. The trick is to compare one or more experimental groups were treated with one or more comparison group that did not receive treatment.
B. Types of Research Experiment
Generally in research talks known the existence of two experimental studies, namely: the experiment are correct (true experiment) and the experiment did not really but just like an experiment. That is why this second study known as "research pretend" or quasi experiment. As characteristic for experimental research is said to be true experiments are the things mentioned when persyaratan¬ requirements as desired can be realized.
C. Terms Research Experiment
The desired requirements are as follows:
1. The conditions that exist around or are expected to affect the subject used for experimentation "should be removed" so that, if the treatment is completed and it turns out there is a difference between the results of the experimental group with the control group, the difference in these results is the result of their treatment.
2. There untreated group that functioned as a comparison for the group treated. At the end of the experiment, the results in the two groups were compared. Differences in outcome will be the effect of giving treatment in the experimental group.
3. Before conducted experiments done both groups endeavored same conditions so that exposure of the end result can be truly the result of presence and absence of treatment.
4. If the experimental research carried out on people, it is expected that members of the experimental group and the comparison group were not affected of their status so that the experimental results are not affected by ¬Hawthorne effectl and or John Henry effect.
In making inquiries to the survey research, the researchers need to pay attention to the following matters:
- Avoid using jargon (example: socialization, democracy), slang words (example: clueless, cupu, geje), and the use of abbreviations.
- Avoid ambiguity or questions that are confusing and vague question.
- Avoid language that is emotional and prestige bias (degree) and use neutral language.
- Avoid questions that in one sentence there are two questions at once (double barraled).
- Avoid leading questions respondents (leading question).
- Avoid questions are beyond the ability of respondents to answer.
- Avoid questions that begin with the wrong premise.
- Avoid questions about the future.
- Avoid questions that uses two negative statements (double negative).
- Avoid questions with response categories that overlap.
II. RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS
A. Definition of Research Experiment
Experimental research is an implementation study involving intervention from the researchers. Intervention (intervention) in question is manipulating variable at the initial stage empirically, and observe how a treatment affects the subject being studied, such as a person, group, other physical objects. Researchers manipulate the independent variable (independent variable) or variable ekplanatoris and then observing whether the dependent variable (dependent variable) hypothesized that are affected by the intervention of the researcher.
Experimental research is research that is intended to determine whether there is a result of "something" that is imposed on the subject inquired. In other words experimental study tried to examine whether there is a causal relationship. The trick is to compare one or more experimental groups were treated with one or more comparison group that did not receive treatment.
B. Types of Research Experiment
Generally in research talks known the existence of two experimental studies, namely: the experiment are correct (true experiment) and the experiment did not really but just like an experiment. That is why this second study known as "research pretend" or quasi experiment. As characteristic for experimental research is said to be true experiments are the things mentioned when persyaratan¬ requirements as desired can be realized.
C. Terms Research Experiment
The desired requirements are as follows:
1. The conditions that exist around or are expected to affect the subject used for experimentation "should be removed" so that, if the treatment is completed and it turns out there is a difference between the results of the experimental group with the control group, the difference in these results is the result of their treatment.
2. There untreated group that functioned as a comparison for the group treated. At the end of the experiment, the results in the two groups were compared. Differences in outcome will be the effect of giving treatment in the experimental group.
3. Before conducted experiments done both groups endeavored same conditions so that exposure of the end result can be truly the result of presence and absence of treatment.
4. If the experimental research carried out on people, it is expected that members of the experimental group and the comparison group were not affected of their status so that the experimental results are not affected by ¬Hawthorne effectl and or John Henry effect.
D. Steps in Research Experiments
Steps experimental research carried out, as follows:
1. To review the literature related to experimental research problems.
2. Identify and select research problems of major concern underlying the experimental research.
3. Develop a research hypothesis
4. Prepare the experimental study design is complete and operational, by:
a. Determining the independent and dependent variables
b. Selecting experimental design used
c. determine the sample
d. Develop tools for data collection instrument
e. Develop data collection procedures
f. Formulate statistical hypotheses
5. Carry out an experiment to collect data.
6. Compiling data to facilitate pengelohan.
7. Determine the level of significance to be used in testing the hypothesis.
8. Process the data with statistical methods based on the data collected.
9. Menginterpretasisekaligus discuss findings.
10. Develop and enhance reports draft report.
Steps experimental research carried out, as follows:
1. To review the literature related to experimental research problems.
2. Identify and select research problems of major concern underlying the experimental research.
3. Develop a research hypothesis
4. Prepare the experimental study design is complete and operational, by:
a. Determining the independent and dependent variables
b. Selecting experimental design used
c. determine the sample
d. Develop tools for data collection instrument
e. Develop data collection procedures
f. Formulate statistical hypotheses
5. Carry out an experiment to collect data.
6. Compiling data to facilitate pengelohan.
7. Determine the level of significance to be used in testing the hypothesis.
8. Process the data with statistical methods based on the data collected.
9. Menginterpretasisekaligus discuss findings.
10. Develop and enhance reports draft report.
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